{
  "edition": "2026-10-20",
  "notice": "Selected digital source excerpts, not a critical edition. Original-language excerpt adaptations and working translations in this file are available under CC-BY-SA 4.0, except unmodified public-domain/CC0 material which retains that status. Attribute The Broad Bridge and the individual source editions/contributors given in each card; preserve source-specific notices.",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "cards": {
    "genesis": {
      "title": "Genesis 11:28",
      "source": "S01",
      "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.11.28",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "Miqra according to the Masorah, via Sefaria; CC-BY-SA. Cantillation and vowels retained.",
      "note": "The grammatical subject is Haran, Abraham’s brother. This verse gives Haran’s birthplace; connecting it to Abraham’s own birth requires a further argument.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "וַיָּ֣מׇת הָרָ֔ן עַל־פְּנֵ֖י תֶּ֣רַח אָבִ֑יו בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מוֹלַדְתּ֖וֹ בְּא֥וּר כַּשְׂדִּֽים׃",
          "translation": "Haran died in the presence of his father Terah, in the land of his birth, in Ur Kasdim."
        }
      ]
    },
    "rashi": {
      "title": "Rashi on Genesis 24:7",
      "source": "S19",
      "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Genesis.24.7",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "Rosenbaum–Silbermann, Pentateuch with Rashi’s commentary, 1929–1934, Hebrew via Sefaria; reported Public Domain. Markup removed.",
      "note": "The edition leaves the biblical incipits unpointed and points Rashi’s explanations. Moledet may carry birth, native-land or kinship associations depending on context. Rashi distinguishes Haran from Ur Kasdim; the comment supplies no modern coordinate.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "מבית אבי. מֵחָרָן:",
          "translation": "“From my father’s house”: from Haran."
        },
        {
          "original": "ומארץ מולדתי. מֵאוּר כַּשְׂדִּים:",
          "translation": "“And from my native land”: from Ur Kasdim."
        }
      ]
    },
    "ramban": {
      "title": "Ramban on Genesis 11:28",
      "source": "S06",
      "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Ramban_on_Genesis.11.28.1",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "Vocalized Edition via Sefaria; CC0. Selected clause, pointing retained.",
      "note": "This is Ramban’s explicit geographical argument. His reconstruction places Abraham’s birth in Aram and a later family residence in the Chaldean land; it is not an identification with Urfa. His references and regional reports need evaluation in their own right.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לֹא נוֹלַד בְּאֶרֶץ כַּשְׂדִּים",
          "translation": "Abraham our father was not born in the land of the Chaldeans."
        }
      ]
    },
    "tosefta": {
      "title": "Tosefta Bava Kamma, Lieberman 7:3",
      "source": "S21",
      "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Tosefta_Bava_Kamma_(Lieberman).7.3",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "The Tosefta according to codex Vienna, third augmented edition, JTS, 2001, via Sefaria; CC-BY. Editorial vowels newly supplied here; variant markers omitted.",
      "note": "“There” refers to Babylon in the preceding question about exile. Beit means house or household. An ancestral household’s origin is not an explicit statement naming Abraham’s birth city. Standard digital numbering: 7:2.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "מִפְּנֵי שֶׁבֵּית אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ מִשָּׁם.",
          "translation": "Because the household of Abraham our father was from there."
        }
      ],
      "unpointed": "מפני שבית אברהם אבינו משם."
    },
    "bavli": {
      "title": "Bava Batra 91a, Rav Hisda’s statement",
      "source": "S05",
      "url": "https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/בבא_בתרא_צא_א",
      "lang": "arc",
      "edition": "Wikisource contributors, unpointed digital Bavli; CC-BY-SA 4.0. The displayed vowels and punctuation are newly editorial; the source spelling appears below.",
      "note": "Ivra zeʿira is rendered provisionally “the smaller side/district.” Which part of Kutha is intended, and how the ancient names map onto modern sites, remain questions. The preceding imprisonment account is a different claim.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: עִבְרָא זְעֵירָא דְּכוּתָא, זֶהוּ אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים.",
          "translation": "Rav Hisda said: the smaller side/district of Kutha—this is Ur Kasdim."
        }
      ],
      "unpointed": "אמר רב חסדא עיברא זעירא דכותא זהו אור כשדים"
    },
    "ivri": {
      "title": "Bereshit Rabbah 42:8, three explanations",
      "source": "S04",
      "url": "https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/בראשית_רבה_מב_ח",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "Wikisource contributors, digital Bereshit Rabbah; CC-BY-SA 4.0. Displayed vocalization is newly editorial; the source wording is retained below. The clauses belong to separate explanations.",
      "note": "The first explanation is R. Yehuda’s, the second R. Nehemya’s, and the third the Rabbis’. These are alternatives preserved together. The river, language and countercultural motifs should not be presented as a single agreed etymology.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "כָּל הָעוֹלָם מֵעֵבֶר אֶחָד, וְהוּא מֵעֵבֶר אֶחָד.",
          "translation": "The whole world was on one side, and he was on the other."
        },
        {
          "original": "שֶׁהוּא מִבְּנֵי בָנָיו שֶׁל עֵבֶר.",
          "translation": "He was among the descendants of Ever."
        },
        {
          "original": "שֶׁהוּא מֵעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר, שֶׁהוּא מֵשִׂיחַ בִּלְשׁוֹן עִבְרִי.",
          "translation": "He was from beyond the river; he spoke in the Hebrew language."
        }
      ],
      "unpointed": "כל העולם מעבר אחד, והוא מעבר אחד. / שהוא מבני בניו של עֵבֶר. / שהוא מעבר הנהר, שהוא משיח בלשון עברי."
    },
    "rashi-fire": {
      "title": "Rashi on Genesis 11:28, a lexical alternative",
      "source": "S19",
      "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Genesis.11.28",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "Rosenbaum–Silbermann, 1929–1934, Hebrew via Sefaria; reported Public Domain. Selected clause; pointing retained.",
      "note": "Rashi first presents the furnace account as midrash, then records Menahem’s lexical explanation. Biqʿah is a valley or open lowland; the following explanation speaks of a hole or deep cleft. This is a lexical interpretation, not a modern archaeological identification.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "וּמְנַחֵם פֵּרֵשׁ אוּר – בִּקְעָה",
          "translation": "Menahem explained ur as a valley."
        }
      ]
    },
    "lxx28": {
      "title": "Genesis 11:28, Hebrew and Greek",
      "source": "S27",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/First1KGreek/master/data/tlg0527/tlg001/tlg0527.tlg001.1st1K-grc1.xml",
      "lang": "grc",
      "edition": "Greek: H. B. Swete, The Old Testament in Greek, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1901; First1KGreek, CC-BY-SA 4.0. Phrase cross-checked against a second transcription.",
      "note": "Chōra means country, territory or region. The extant phrase does not transliterate Ur. Here the source-language column is Greek; the Hebrew comparison appears immediately above it in the study. Other parts of the digital XML have transcription defects, so the whole extraction is not offered as a verified text.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Χαλδαίων",
          "translation": "in the country of the Chaldeans"
        }
      ]
    },
    "lxx31": {
      "title": "Genesis 11:31, Greek departure clause",
      "source": "S28",
      "url": "https://www.thetorah.com/article/terahs-journey-genesis-11-31",
      "lang": "grc",
      "edition": "Greek phrase printed in Emanuel Tov, “Terah’s Journey—Genesis 11:31” (2023), comparison table. Unicode normalized to composed accents.",
      "note": "Ek marks movement out of; tēs chōras is “the country”; tōn Chaldaiōn is “of the Chaldeans.” This selected phrase is corroborated independently of the defective Swete digital extraction.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "ἐκ τῆς χώρας τῶν Χαλδαίων",
          "translation": "from the country of the Chaldeans"
        }
      ]
    },
    "philo": {
      "title": "Philo, On Abraham §67",
      "source": "S22",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/First1KGreek/master/data/tlg0018/tlg020/tlg0018.tlg020.1st1K-grc1.xml",
      "lang": "grc",
      "edition": "Leopold Cohn, Philonis Alexandrini Opera Quae Supersunt, vol. 4, Berlin: Reimer, 1902; First1KGreek, CC-BY-SA 4.0.",
      "note": "Philo uses gē, “land,” with a people-name: Chaldaiōn, “of the Chaldeans.” He is not reproducing Genesis’s chōra verbatim in this clause. Charraniōn likewise means “of the Harranians.” Section 68 explicitly distinguishes literal and allegorical reading.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "ἀπὸ τῆς Χαλδαίων γῆς",
          "translation": "from the land of the Chaldeans"
        },
        {
          "original": "εἰς τὴν Χαρραίων γῆν",
          "translation": "into the land of the Harranians"
        }
      ]
    },
    "migration": {
      "title": "Philo, Migration of Abraham §177",
      "source": "S22",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OpenGreekAndLatin/First1KGreek/master/data/tlg0018/tlg014/tlg0018.tlg014.1st1K-grc1.xml",
      "lang": "grc",
      "edition": "Paul Wendland, Philonis Alexandrini Opera Quae Supersunt, vol. 2, Berlin: Reimer, 1897; First1KGreek, CC-BY-SA 4.0.",
      "note": "Chaldaikēs is an adjective modifying land. In the second clause the Greek does not repeat the Chaldean name. “Land” in square brackets supplies an implicit noun; it is not an additional Greek word. Yonge’s rendering requires comparison with his base text before explaining why he adds the place-name.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "πρότερον μὲν ἐκ τῆς Χαλδαϊκῆς ἀναστὰς γῆς Ἀβραὰμ ᾤκησεν εἰς Χαρράν",
          "translation": "Previously, Abraham had left the Chaldean land and settled in Harran."
        },
        {
          "original": "τελευτήσαντος δὲ αὐτῷ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκεῖθι κἀκ ταύτης μετανίσταται",
          "translation": "After his father died there, he also migrates from this [land]."
        }
      ]
    },
    "josephus": {
      "title": "Josephus, Antiquities 1.151–154",
      "source": "S23",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/master/data/tlg0526/tlg001/tlg0526.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml",
      "lang": "grc",
      "edition": "Benedikt Niese, Flavii Iosephi opera, Berlin: Weidmann, 1885–1890, vols. 1–4; Perseus Digital Library, CC-BY-SA 4.0. Selected clauses, not continuous text.",
      "note": "The clauses are from 1.151, 1.152 and 1.154 respectively. Oure is a city-name; Chaldaian is the regional name in the accusative; Chaldaiōn names the people in the genitive plural. In 1.151 the death being described is Haran’s. Keep Haran the person distinct from Harran the destination.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "ἐν πόλει Οὐρῆ λεγομένῃ τῶν Χαλδαίων",
          "translation": "in a city of the Chaldeans called Oure"
        },
        {
          "original": "Θέρρου δὲ μισήσαντος τὴν Χαλδαίαν διὰ τὸ Ἀράνου πένθος",
          "translation": "After Terah came to hate Chaldea because of his grief for Haran"
        },
        {
          "original": "καὶ καταλείπει τὴν Χαλδαίαν",
          "translation": "and he leaves Chaldea"
        }
      ]
    },
    "nicolaus": {
      "title": "Nicolaus, quoted by Josephus, Antiquities 1.159",
      "source": "S23",
      "url": "https://lexundria.com/j_aj/1.159/wst",
      "lang": "grc",
      "edition": "Greek: Niese, via Perseus, CC-BY-SA 4.0; selected clause in Josephus’s quotation. Linked reading page supplies Whiston’s English comparison.",
      "note": "This is a witness transmitted by Josephus, not an independently preserved copy of Nicolaus. Hyper Babylonos is translated “above Babylon”; turning that phrase into a precise coordinate requires an argument.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "ἐκ τῆς γῆς τῆς ὑπὲρ Βαβυλῶνος Χαλδαίων λεγομένης",
          "translation": "from the land above Babylon called [the land] of the Chaldeans"
        }
      ]
    },
    "nimrod": {
      "title": "Bereshit Rabbah 38:13, Nimrod’s response",
      "source": "S03",
      "url": "https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/בראשית_רבה_לח",
      "lang": "he",
      "edition": "Wikisource contributors, Bereshit Rabbah, chapter 38, §13; CC-BY-SA 4.0. Displayed vocalization is newly editorial; source spelling retained below.",
      "note": "The speaker is Nimrod in the narrated exchange. Ur here means fire. The move from argument to coercion is visible in the words; a broader account of political authority is a further interpretation.",
      "clauses": [
        {
          "original": "אֲנִי אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה אֶלָּא לָאוּר, הֲרֵי אֲנִי מַשְׁלִיכְךָ בְּתוֹכוֹ וְיָבֹא אֱלוֹהַּ שֶׁאַתָּה מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לוֹ וְיַצִּילְךָ הֵימֶנּוּ.",
          "translation": "I worship only fire; here I am casting you into it. Let the god whom you worship come and rescue you from it."
        }
      ],
      "unpointed": "אני איני משתחוה אלא לאור, הרי אני משליכך בתוכו ויבא אלוה שאתה משתחוה לו ויצילך הימנו."
    }
  }
}